# Moon Texture Sources and Credits Imported and verified on 2026-09-05 (UTC). These nine textures are derived from observations of the named bodies, not from generic crater textures. They are visualization products, not uniformly natural RGB photographs, complete observations, or scientific albedo measurements. Titan, Titania, and Oberon are deliberately excluded and retain their existing appearance in the application. ## Processing and Verification - Sources were downloaded directly from NASA SVS, USGS Astrogeology, or the NASA Planetary Data System Small Bodies Node archive hosted by PSI. - All nine downloaded JPEGs decoded successfully. All are exactly 2:1. - Each source was visually inspected at 1024 pixels wide. No map frame, legend, text, coordinate grid, or decorative padding was present. Black areas in Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto are missing coverage, not margins to crop. Triton's unobserved northern void is filled for sphere wrapping; see its section below. - All output files are lossy WebP, quality 92, effort 6. Moon retains its source resolution; Deimos was downsampled from 7200 x 3600 to 2048 x 1024 using Lanczos3; the other seven sources retain 1024 x 512. Nothing was enlarged. - No crop, reprojection, rotation, horizontal/vertical flip, gap fill, manual recoloring, sharpening, or fabricated surface detail was applied here, except Triton's northern coverage fill described below. - Sharp's default color management converts embedded profiles to sRGB and strips source metadata. Monochrome sources remain monochrome in appearance. WebP compression can change individual pixels, including pixels around gap edges. - Every output was fully decoded and checked for the expected dimensions, exact 2:1 aspect ratio, WebP format, and absence of transparency. Remaining black gaps (Europa, Ganymede, Callisto) are opaque. - Generator: Sharp 0.34.5, libvips 8.17.3, libwebp 1.6.0, resolved through Astro's transitive Sharp dependency; no dependency or project script was added. - Reproduction recipe: download the exact JPEG linked for each body, verify its source SHA-256 below, then use Sharp's `resize` with that body's output width, `withoutEnlargement: true`, and `kernel: 'lanczos3'`, followed by `webp` with `quality: 92` and `effort: 6`. Leave other options at their defaults. Encoder version changes can produce different output bytes. The filenames below are relative to `/textures/solar/moons/`. Byte counts are exact file sizes, not decoded GPU memory requirements. | File | Source Pixels | Output Pixels | Output Bytes | | --- | --- | --- | ---: | | moon.webp | 2048 x 1024 | 2048 x 1024 | 501774 | | phobos.webp | 1024 x 512 | 1024 x 512 | 157906 | | deimos.webp | 7200 x 3600 | 2048 x 1024 | 156424 | | io.webp | 1024 x 512 | 1024 x 512 | 115292 | | europa.webp | 1024 x 512 | 1024 x 512 | 104038 | | ganymede.webp | 1024 x 512 | 1024 x 512 | 102362 | | callisto.webp | 1024 x 512 | 1024 x 512 | 88766 | | rhea.webp | 1024 x 512 | 1024 x 512 | 142962 | | triton.webp | 1024 x 512 | 1024 x 512 | 99958 | ## Rights and Attribution The rights evidence below applies to the named products, not merely to the license of a software repository. No Celestia or other community texture is used. - [NASA SVS reuse FAQ](https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/help/#faq) states that its content is public domain unless otherwise noted. The Moon Kit requests its own credit. - [USGS Copyrights and Credits](https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits) identifies USGS-authored or produced data as U.S. public domain, requests proper credit, and explicitly distinguishes third-party copyrighted materials. - The Phobos, Io, Ganymede, Callisto, Rhea, and Triton product pages explicitly list public domain access constraints. Their individual use constraints are recorded below. Europa lists no access or use constraints and is a USGS-produced mosaic, covered by the USGS policy above. - The [Stooke PDS map guide](https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds4/non_mission/small_bodies.stooke.maps/miscellaneous/00_map_guide.html) explicitly states that its maps are public domain and should not be used without proper credit. This is the rights evidence for Deimos. - [NASA media guidelines](https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/) and the [JPL image policy](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/jpl-image-use-policy/) provide additional context on credits, third-party exceptions, and no implied endorsement. No NASA/USGS/JPL logo or endorsement is included in these assets. Retain the credits and source links below when reusing these derived files. Public domain here describes the source's published U.S. copyright status; it does not imply agency endorsement or that every image on an agency website has the same rights. ## Moon - File: `moon.webp`. - Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio; visualization by Ernie Wright; source data from the LRO LROC team (Arizona State University) and LOLA team. - Product: CGI Moon Kit, 2025 color map, `lroc_color_2k.jpg`. - [Landing page](https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4720/). - [Direct JPEG](https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004700/a004720/lroc_color_2k.jpg). - Rights: public domain under the SVS FAQ; item credit explicitly requested as "NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio". - Projection: global longitude/latitude map for 3D rendering, centered on longitude 0, north at top. - Data and limits: LROC WAC bands at 643, 566, and 415 nm are adjusted in exposure and white balance toward human vision. The source color mosaic covers 70 N to 70 S; polar regions use lower-resolution monochrome LOLA albedo. Small high- latitude dropouts were inpainted by the publisher. This is optimized for visualization, not scientific photometry. - Local changes: 2048 x 1024 retained; sRGB conversion/metadata removal and WebP encoding only. ## Phobos - File: `phobos.webp`. - Credit: Phil Stooke, University of Western Ontario; NASA Planetary Data System; USGS Astrogeology Science Center. Spacecraft imagery and DLR control as described in the source references. - Product: Phobos Viking Global Mosaic 5m, DLR-controlled mosaic. - [Landing page](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/phobos_viking_global_mosaic_5m). - [Direct JPEG](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/ckan/dataset/85290c2c-7524-44ba-9251-61ea69fcd9dd/resource/876ae3aa-ac7b-434c-86f4-a2e50cc9826d/download/phobos_viking_mosaic_dlrcontrol_1024.jpg). - Rights: product page `Access Constraints: public domain`; `Use Constraints: Please cite authors`. - Projection: Simple Cylindrical; planetocentric latitude; positive-east longitude, -180 to 180, center 0. North at top. - Data and limits: monochrome photomosaic by Stooke, combining Viking with later Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Express, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter imagery as described in the [PDS guide, Phobos E](https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds4/non_mission/small_bodies.stooke.maps/miscellaneous/00_map_guide.html#phobos). DLR control is approximate. The author used artistic adjustments where images with opposing lighting meet. It is not pure albedo or a natural RGB map, and wrapping it on a sphere does not reproduce Phobos' irregular shape. - Local changes: 1024 x 512 retained; WebP encoding only, subject to the common color-management and metadata rules above. ## Deimos - File: `deimos.webp`. - Credit: Philip Stooke, with Chris Jongkind and Megan Arntz; control from Peter Thomas and colleagues at Cornell University; NASA Viking, Mariner 9, and MRO HiRISE imagery; NASA Planetary Data System. - Product: Stooke Small Bodies Maps, improved Deimos cylindrical Viking/MRO mosaic. - [Landing page and rights, Deimos D](https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds4/non_mission/small_bodies.stooke.maps/miscellaneous/00_map_guide.html#deimos). - [Dataset overview](https://sbn.psi.edu/pds/resource/stookemaps.html). - [Direct JPEG](https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds4/non_mission/small_bodies.stooke.maps/miscellaneous/m2deimos/deimos_cyl_viking_mro.jpg). - [Individual PDS4 label](https://sbnarchive.psi.edu/pds4/non_mission/small_bodies.stooke.maps/miscellaneous/m2deimos/deimos_cyl_viking_mro.xml). - Rights: the map guide explicitly declares public domain with proper credit. Its requested original citation is: Stooke, P., Stooke Small Bodies Maps V3.0. MULTI-SA-MULTI-6-STOOKEMAPS-V3.0. NASA Planetary Data System, 2015. - The PDS4 label states that the JPEG was migrated unchanged. The current archive citation is: Stooke, P. 2025. Stooke small bodies maps V1.0. `urn:nasa:pds:small_bodies.stooke.maps::1.0`. NASA Planetary Data System. [DOI: 10.26033/a1dy-7451](https://doi.org/10.26033/a1dy-7451). - Projection: Simple Cylindrical; north at top, longitude 0 at the center. The guide uses longitude increasing opposite the satellite's rotation. - Data and limits: monochrome mosaic with nonuniform resolution and lighting; MRO HiRISE frames ESP_012065_9000 and ESP_012068_9000 improve the older mosaic. Extensive processing makes these maps unsuitable for photometric analysis. The texture alone does not represent Deimos' irregular shape. - Local changes: Lanczos3 downsampling from 7200 x 3600 to 2048 x 1024, default sRGB color management/metadata removal, WebP encoding. ## Io - File: `io.webp`. - Credit: USGS Astrogeology Science Center; NASA Galileo SSI and Voyager imagery; mapping work referenced by Tammy L. Becker and Paul E. Geissler. - Product: Io Galileo SSI / Voyager Color Merged Global Mosaic 1km. - [Landing page](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/io_galileo_ssi_voyager_color_merged_global_mosaic_1km). - [Direct JPEG](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/ckan/dataset/f6924861-ce9c-490d-8a4b-7812a20f2de5/resource/a9fab679-8081-4144-9f58-45848836c8f5/download/full.jpg). - Rights: product page `Access Constraints: public domain`; `Use Constraints: None`. USGS requests source credit under its general policy. - Projection: Simple Cylindrical; planetocentric; positive-west longitude, -180 to 180, center 0. North at top. - Data and limits: higher-resolution monochrome Voyager/Galileo data merged with Galileo color ratios, including near-infrared at 756 nm, green, and violet. This is not natural RGB. Polar color gaps of about 5 degrees were interpolated in the publisher's merged mosaic. Images span more than 20 years during which volcanic terrain changed; resolution and coverage are not uniform. - Local changes: 1024 x 512 retained; WebP encoding only, subject to the common color-management and metadata rules above. ## Europa - File: `europa.webp`. - Credit: Tammy Becker and collaborators Brent Archinal, Tim Colvin, Merton Davies, A. Gitlin, Randy Kirk, and L. Weller; USGS Astrogeology Science Center; NASA Galileo SSI and Voyager 1/2 imagery. - Product: Europa Voyager - Galileo SSI Global Mosaic 500m. - [Landing page](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/europa_voyager_galileo_ssi_global_mosaic_500m). - [Direct JPEG](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/ckan/dataset/4080036f-afc5-422e-abe9-1c0c8e4f98ea/resource/3647e7b3-425e-4dcf-951b-cc4a22fb0129/download/europa_voyager_galileossi_global_mosaic_500m_1024.jpg). - Rights: product page access/use constraints are both `None`; this is a USGS-produced mosaic covered by the USGS U.S. public-domain policy. Credit USGS and the authors. The item does not itself use the words "public domain". - Projection: Simple Cylindrical; planetocentric; positive-west longitude, 0 to 360, center 180. North at top. - Data and limits: monochrome, not natural RGB. No observations south of 83 S; the black south-polar gap is retained. Northern and other high-latitude imagery can be as coarse as about 20 km/pixel. Seams and mixed illumination remain. - Local changes: 1024 x 512 retained; WebP encoding only, subject to the common color-management and metadata rules above. ## Ganymede - File: `ganymede.webp`. - Credit: USGS Astrogeology Science Center; NASA Galileo SSI and Voyager 1/2 imagery; Becker and collaborators as referenced by the product page. - Product: Ganymede Voyager - Galileo SSI Color Global Mosaic 1.4km. - [Landing page](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/ganymede_voyager_galileo_ssi_color_global_mosaic_1_4km). - [Direct JPEG](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/ckan/dataset/e1422336-3291-4b65-b903-c942d53de073/resource/eb32abd7-fee2-47d1-9f96-9d7d8824cc3a/download/ganymede_voyager_galileossi_global_clrmosaic_1024.jpg). - Rights: product page `Access Constraints: Public domain`; `Use Constraints: None`. Credit requested under the general USGS policy. - Projection: global cylindrical latitude/longitude, north at top, center 180. There is a source metadata discrepancy: the landing page says Simple Cylindrical / Positive West, whereas the [ISIS label](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/ckan/dataset/e1422336-3291-4b65-b903-c942d53de073/resource/f1f69d62-98d9-4eb9-9f69-0dba163cb125/download/ganymede_voyager_galileossi_global_clrmosaic_1435m.lbl) says Equirectangular, center latitude 0, Positive East, longitude 0 to 360. The JPEG's orientation is preserved; do not infer an automatic horizontal flip from the landing-page convention alone. - Data and limits: enhanced color merged with a monochrome base, including 991 nm infrared as red, 559 nm as green, and 413 nm as blue/violet. Some red coverage is synthesized from other bands. Polar regions can be monochrome. Black polar coverage gaps visible in the actual JPEG are retained, regardless of broader claims of global coverage. This is not natural RGB. - Local changes: 1024 x 512 retained; WebP encoding only, subject to the common color-management and metadata rules above. ## Callisto - File: `callisto.webp`. - Credit: USGS Astrogeology Science Center; NASA Galileo SSI and Voyager 1/2 imagery; RAND control network and mapping authors referenced by the source. - Product: Callisto Galileo/Voyager Global Mosaic 1km. - [Landing page](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/callisto_galileo_voyager_global_mosaic_1km). - [Direct JPEG](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/ckan/dataset/a80abd68-7ed9-440e-829a-76376779164f/resource/ac628525-cb1c-4742-928b-5a0a60f372cd/download/callisto_voyager_galileossi_global_mosaic_1024.jpg). - Rights: product page `Access Constraints: public domain`; `Use Constraints: None`. Credit requested under the general USGS policy. - Projection: Simple Cylindrical; planetocentric; positive-west longitude, 0 to 360, center 180. North at top. - Data and limits: monochrome scientific mosaic (the browse JPEG is encoded in RGB, which does not make it a natural-color observation). It uses clear/green images with photometric normalization and image enhancement. Resolution varies greatly, with coarse gap-fill imagery; the actual JPEG still contains black polar gaps, especially in the south. These are preserved, not painted over. - Local changes: 1024 x 512 retained; WebP encoding only, subject to the common color-management and metadata rules above. ## Rhea - File: `rhea.webp`. - Credit: Thomas Roatsch, E. Kersten, A. Hoffmeister, and M. Waehlisch; NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute; USGS Astrogeology Science Center distribution. - Product: Rhea Cassini - Voyager Global Mosaic 417m, Map of Rhea - March 2012, PIA14928. - [Landing page](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/rhea_cassini_voyager_global_mosaic_417m). - [Direct JPEG](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/ckan/dataset/22bc1015-d9c9-4212-86c3-e42061b204d4/resource/77fa77f8-6d6b-4072-9360-17138caa6e7d/download/full.jpg). - Rights: product page `Access Constraints: Public domain`; `Use Constraints: Please cite authors`. - Projection: Simple Cylindrical; planetocentric; positive-west longitude, -180 to 180 in the product metadata. North at top; source pixels retained. - Data and limits: monochrome, predominantly Cassini observations, with six Voyager images filling northern coverage gaps. Not a natural RGB map. - Catalog warning: the page's main TIFF link incorrectly names a Voyager-only 833m product. This import uses the JPEG resource attached to the 417m entry, not that inconsistent TIFF link. The accompanying [ISIS label](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/ckan/dataset/22bc1015-d9c9-4212-86c3-e42061b204d4/resource/8ad50a33-b29b-4a85-9edc-759f00ee0641/download/rhea_cassini_voyager_mosaic_global_417m.lbl) identifies `Rhea_Cassini_Voyager_mosaic_global_417m.tif`, 11520 x 5760. - Local changes: 1024 x 512 retained; WebP encoding only, subject to the common color-management and metadata rules above. ## Triton - File: `triton.webp`. - Credit: NASA/JPL; Paul Schenk, Lunar and Planetary Institute; USGS Astrogeology Science Center distribution; Voyager 2 ISS imagery. - Product: Triton Voyager 2 Global Color Mosaic 600m, derived from PIA18668. - [Landing page](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/triton_voyager_2_global_color_mosaic_600m). - [Direct JPEG](https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/ckan/dataset/445b4c39-e87a-4e4d-88a8-e48d8e755c5c/resource/de0ba9f1-303e-4e5f-a99a-3201fba9a764/download/triton_voyager2_clrmosaic_1024.jpg). - Rights: product page `Access Constraints: public domain`; `Use Constraints: Please cite authors`. - Projection: Equirectangular; planetocentric; positive-east longitude, -180 to 180, center 0. North at top. - Data and limits: orange, violet, and ultraviolet observations displayed as red, green, and blue; not natural RGB. Voyager 2 did not image most of the north; that region is black in the JPEG, not a physical dark cap. USGS reports that grid lines in the source were replaced with neighboring pixels. Although the high-resolution filename includes "GlobalFill", the selected browse image is demonstrably not a completely observed map. - Local changes: 1024 x 512 retained. The unobserved northern void (the large connected near-black region touching the top edge, about 38% of the raster) was filled for 3D wrapping: colors continue from terrain inward of the mosaic limb, ease toward the observed mid-latitude ice color at the pole, and receive low-amplitude wrapped mottling. The dark coverage limb is feathered so it does not render as a black belt. This north is a visualization fill, not Voyager imagery. Encoding is WebP quality 92. Subject to the common color-management and metadata rules above. ## Orientation for Rendering All files preserve the downloaded north-up raster orientation. No offline vertical flip is necessary. For standard Three.js `TextureLoader` textures on `SphereGeometry`, keep the usual `flipY: true` upload behavior; setting it to false would invert these north-up maps with the standard UVs. ImageBitmap or custom UV pipelines have their own orientation requirements. These are sRGB appearance maps, not linear height/normal maps. For an untinted display use sRGB texture interpretation and a white material base color; a colored material multiplies the texture and changes its published appearance. Longitude conventions and central meridians differ between products. Positive West labels do not by themselves prove that a browse raster needs mirroring. No common body-fixed prime-meridian alignment, tidal-lock orientation, or horizontal flip has been applied or verified here. Match identifiable features to a reference before claiming scientific geographic alignment, particularly for Ganymede's conflicting metadata. Retrograde orbital motion is not a reason to vertically flip Triton's surface map. ## SHA-256 Provenance The source hashes identify the exact downloaded JPEGs. Output hashes identify the generated WebP files. Rights pages and download URLs were checked on the import date; later changes at the upstream sites are outside this archive. | File | Source JPEG SHA-256 | Output WebP SHA-256 | | --- | --- | --- | | moon.webp | f7130a1822681fa7512d7dcfd40db8c10b9ba4f06777910348698260ed7a2170 | 7a19ad403c1762914b2bda28a5477c04e3b5b497c84be9c2b0505a9e49bbe16b | | phobos.webp | d8a00068ac8e13821528d546b2e1d2c613e5225a22da04ad7d05bf3b727f3ce4 | 653638d2080c76b3ef9f9534cd3da705af2faf5892220542815eb208619662cb | | deimos.webp | 90ff4ac7f23ece9255774cf72f9ed9ca5be861d9f2aa136977fc2d460141ad6d | c4b1a8d866f7ab6deda2533e82c06f2cb5c174676b86ece969e59b140cda5662 | | io.webp | 238b50008a15fe440771e0e86bb6223e2fc92457e988d0ca4bd69ebb510e0823 | 13b5b717d842c6aae49a614f421e6063db54f2cc7f185b089ab8d5b4da9bcfa5 | | europa.webp | 96453723e4dd7d7b709cbc097282b9292360908139c72a617b0d26d9ae9ce5f9 | a2bc384cf228857b78f74b5e1d4165a3708cce248660249cdbbd42767c1a2c7a | | ganymede.webp | 6ebc2809a32743408c03be4255d82df7952df82a5c51dc1973ff8248101a28a7 | 86c6f8b21415c3ee7b129402332bc00a2bc7c5f6b88ca7c955f0ca41e73ef4f7 | | callisto.webp | ec3202dca0a0182c885f88f37a6ce484f344785e4c3135fc8c43d53f87e879c7 | a3086df62fb156b004addbbd68351786b7615da748b9c2f92230abfb13bbba3d | | rhea.webp | 1f1401668e26a42f33aa88ab337981dd621382b137fd04847286dc5f780a9f0b | 0a614d8e8d6005dd211e538895819ae42c68bea9a76dac0171d7f6a3fb58793d | | triton.webp | eda20ca788761b01cb0d986bf1c74a43d583789554d5fdea223c9fe924a33423 | fb9be27e3d3db7b8c75065d36eae57598864a27c1e89315f84698986cb709b05 |